Underwater astonishments - David Gallo

[Music] [Applause]

We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea, and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows that for about two and a half hours on the way down, it’s a perfectly positively pitch black world. We used to see the most mysterious animals out there, a window that you couldn't describe. These blinking lights, a world of bioluminescence like fireflies.

Dr. Edith Witter, she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association, was able to come up with a camera that could capture some of these incredible animals, and that's what you're seeing here on the screen— that's all bioluminescence. Like I said, just like fireflies. There’s a flying turkey under turkey.

I don't, I yeah, I’m a geologist by training, but I love that. And you see some of the luminescence; they used to avoid being eaten. Some they used to attract prey, but all of it, from an artistic point of view, is just positively amazing. A lot of what goes on inside—there's a fish with glowing eyes, pulsating eyes. Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize these lovely patterns.

And then this last one, one of my favorites, this pinwheel design, just absolutely amazing. Every single dive, that's the unknown world. And today, we've only explored about 3%—3% of what's out there in the ocean. Already, we found the world's highest mountains, the world's deepest valleys, underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls. A lot of that we shared with you from the stage.

And in a place where we thought no life at all, we find more life, we think, and diversity and density than the tropical rainforest. This tells us that we don't know much about this planet at all. There's still 97%, and either that 97% is empty or just full of surprises.

But I want to jump up to shallow water now and look at some creatures that are positively amazing—the cephalopods. As a kid, I knew them as calamari mostly, but this is an octopus. This is a work of Dr. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab, and just fascinating how cephalopods can, with their incredible eyes, sense their surroundings, look at light, look at patterns.

Here’s an octopus moving across the reef. It finds a spot to settle down, curls up, and then disappears into the background. Tough thing to do. In the next bit, we're going to see a couple of squid. These are squid now. Males, when they fight, if they're really aggressive, they turn white. And these two males are fighting. They do it by bouncing their butts together, which is an interesting concept.

Now, here's a male on the left and a female on the right. Now, the male has managed to split his coloration so the female only always sees the kinder, gentler squid in him. And the—oh, we’re going to see it again. Let’s take a look at it again. Watch the coloration—white on the right, brown on the left. He takes a step back, so he's keeping off the other males by splitting his body.

And he comes up on the other side—Bingo. Now I'm told that's not just a squid phenomenon with males, but I know that's cuttlefish. I love cuttlefish. This is a giant Australian cuttlefish, and there he is, his droopy little eyes up here. But they could do pretty amazing things too.

Here we're going to see one backing into a crevice, and watch his tentacles. He just pulls them in, makes them look just like algae, disappears right into the background—positively amazing. Here’s two males fighting once again. They’re smart enough, these cephalopods; they know not to hurt each other. But look at the patterns that they can do with their skin—okay, just an amazing thing.

Here’s an octopus. Sometimes they don't want to be seen when they move because predators can see them. And here, this guy actually can make himself look like a rock. Looking at this environment, he can actually slide across the bottom using the waves and the shadows so he can't be seen. He blends right into his motion, blends right into the background—the moving rock trick.

So, we’re learning lots new from the shallow water, still exploring that deep, learning lots from the shallow water. There’s a good reason why—I mean, the shallow water is full of predators. Here’s a barracuda, and if you’re an octopus or a cephalopod, you need to really understand how to use your surroundings to hide.

In the next scene, you’re going to see a nice coral bottom, and you’d see that an octopus would stand out very easily there. If you couldn't use your camouflage, use your skin to change color and texture. Here’s some algae in the ground, and an octopus—isn't that amazing?

Now Roger spooked him, so he took off—a cloud of ink lands. And when he lands, the octopus says, “I've been seen! Best thing to do is get as big as I can.” Get that big brown, make his eye spot very big, so he’s bluffing. Let’s do it backwards. I thought he was joking when he first showed it to me. I thought it was all graphics.

So here, here it is in reverse. Watch the skin color, watch the skin texture—just an amazing animal, change color and texture to match the surroundings. Watch them blend right into this algae—one, two, [Applause] three, and now he’s gone, and so am I. Thank you very much. Thank you, thank you.