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Digital humanitarianism - Paul Conneally


7m read
·Nov 8, 2024

[Music]

[Applause]

The humanitarian model has barely changed since the early 20th century. Its origins are firmly rooted in the analog age, and there is a major shift coming on the horizon. The catalyst for this change was the major earthquake that struck Haiti on the 12th of January in 2010. Haiti was a game changer. The earthquake destroyed the capital, Port-au-Prince, claiming the lives of some 320,000 people and rendering homeless about 1.2 million people. Government institutions were completely decapitated, including the presidential palace.

I remember standing on the roof of the Ministry of Justice in downtown Port-au-Prince. It was about 2 m high, completely squashed by the violence of the earthquake. For those of us on the ground in those early days, it was clear for even the most disaster-hardened veterans that Haiti was something different; Haiti was something we hadn't seen before. But Haiti provided us with something else unprecedented: Haiti has allowed us to glimpse into a future of what design faster response might look like in a hyperconnected world, where people have access to mobile smart devices.

Because out of the urban devastation in Port-au-Prince came a torrent of SMS texts—people crying for help, beseeching us for assistance, sharing data, offering support, looking for their loved ones. This was a situation that traditional aid agencies had never before encountered. We were in one of the poorest countries on the planet, but 80% of the people had mobile devices in their hands, and we were unprepared for this. They were shaping the aid effort.

Outside Haiti, also, things were looking different. Tens of thousands of so-called digital volunteers were scouring the Internet, converting tweets that had already been converted from texts and putting these into open-source maps, layering them with all sorts of important information. People like Crisis Mappers and OpenStreetMap were putting these on the web for everybody—the media, the aid organizations, and the communities themselves—to participate in and to use.

Back in Haiti, people were increasingly turning to the medium of SMS. People that were hungry and hurting were signaling their distress, were signaling their need for help on the street sides all over Port-au-Prince. Entrepreneurs sprung up, offering mobile phone charging stations. They understood more than we did people's innate need to be connected. Never having been confronted with this type of situation before, we wanted to try and understand how we could tap into this incredible resource—how we could really leverage this incredible use of mobile technology and SMS technology.

We started talking with a local telecom provider called VOA, which is a subsidiary of Trilogy International. We had basically three requirements: We wanted to communicate in a two-way form of communication. We didn't want to shout; we needed to listen as well. We wanted to be able to target specific geographic communities; we didn't need to talk to the whole country at the same time. We wanted it to be easy to use.

Out of this rubble of Haiti and from this devastation came something that we call Terror, the Trilogy Emergency Response Application, which has been used to support the aid effort ever since. It has been used to help communities prepare for disasters. It is used to signal early warning in advance of weather-related disasters. It's used for public health awareness campaigns, such as the prevention of cholera, and it is even used for sensitive issues such as building awareness around gender-based violence.

But does it work? We have just published an evaluation of this program, and the evidence that is there for all to see is quite remarkable. Some 74% of people received the data; those that were intended to receive the data, 74% of them received it. 96% of them found it useful, 83% of them took action—evidence that it is indeed empowering—and 73% of them shared it.

The Terrace system was developed from Haiti with the support of engineers in the region. It is a user-appropriate technology that has been used for humanitarian good to great effect. Technology is transformational right across the developing world. Citizens and communities are using technology to enable them to bring about change—positive change—in their own communities. The grassroots has been strengthened through the social power of sharing, and they are challenging the old models, the old analog models of control and command.

One illustration of the transformational power of technology is in Kibera. Kibera is one of Africa's largest slums; it's on the outskirts of Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya. It's home to an unknown number of people—some say between 250,000 and 1.2 million. If you were to arrive in Nairobi today and pick up a tourist map, Kibera is represented as a lush green national park, devoid of human settlement.

Young people living in Kibera, in their community, with simple handheld devices—GPS handheld devices and SMS-enabled mobile phones—have literally put themselves on the map. They have collated crowdsource data and rendered the invisible visible. People like Josh and Steve are continuing to layer information upon information—real-time information—tweeted and texted onto these maps for all to use. You can find out about the latest impromptu music session; you can find out about the latest security incident; you can find out about places of worship; you can find out about the health centers. You can feel the dynamism of this living, breathing community.

They also have their own news network on YouTube, with 36,000 viewers at the moment. They are showing us what can be done with mobile digital technologies. They’re showing that the magic of technology can bring the invisible visible, and they are giving a voice to themselves; they are telling their own story by bypassing the official narrative.

And we're seeing from all points in the globe similar stories. In Mongolia, for instance, where 30% of the people are nomadic, SMS information systems are being used to track migration and weather patterns. SMS is even used to hold herder summits for remote participation, and if people are migrating into urban and unfamiliar concrete environments, they can also be helped in anticipation with social support that is ready and waiting for them, based on SMS knowledge.

In Nigeria, open-source SMS tools are being used by the Red Cross community workers to gather information from the local community in an attempt to better understand and mitigate the prevalence of malaria. My colleague Jason Pete, who runs this program, tells me it's ten times faster and ten times cheaper than the traditional way of doing things. And not only is it empowering to the communities, but really importantly, this information stays in the community where it is needed to formulate long-term health policies.

We are on a planet of 7 billion people—5 billion mobile subscriptions. By 2015, there will be three billion smartphones in the world. The UN Broadband Commission has recently set targets to have broadband access in 50% of the developing world compared to the current percentage today. We are hurtling towards a hyperconnected world where citizens from all cultures and all social strata will have access to smart, fast mobile devices.

People are understanding, from Cairo to Oakland, that there are new ways to come together, there are new ways to mobilize, there are new ways to influence. A transformation is coming, which needs to be understood by the humanitarian structures and the humanitarian models. The collective voices of people need to be more integrated through new technologies into the organizational strategies and plans of actions, and not just recycled for fundraising or marketing.

We need to, for example, embrace the big data—the knowledge that is there from market leaders who understand what it means to use and leverage big data. One idea that I'd like you to consider, for instance, is to take a look at our IT departments. They're normally back room or basement hardware service providers, but they need to be elevated to software strategists. We need people in our organizations who know what it's like to work with big data.

We need technology as a core organizational principle; we need technological strategists in the boardroom who can ask and answer the question: "What would Amazon or Google do with all of this data and convert it into humanitarian good?" The possibilities that new digital technologies are bringing can help humanitarian organizations not only ensure that people's right to information is met or that they have their right to communicate, but I think in the future, humanitarian organizations will also have to anticipate the right for people to access critical communication technologies in order to ensure that their voices are heard, that they're truly participating, that they're truly empowered.

In the humanitarian world, it has always been the elusive ideal to ensure full participation of people affected by disasters in the humanitarian effort. We now have the tools; we now have the possibilities. There are no more reasons not to do it. I believe we need to bring the humanitarian world from analog to digital.

Thank you very much.

[Applause]

[Music]

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