yego.me
💡 Stop wasting time. Read Youtube instead of watch. Download Chrome Extension

Ionic bonds | Molecular and ionic compound structure and properties | AP Chemistry | Khan Academy


3m read
·Nov 10, 2024

Most of what we've talked about so far has been atoms in isolation. We have thought about the number of electrons and protons and neutrons and the electron configuration of atoms. But atoms don't just operate in isolation. If that were the case, the whole universe, including us, would just be a bunch of atoms drifting around.

What begins to be interesting is how the atoms actually interact with each other. One of the most interesting forms of interaction is when they stick to each other in some way, shape, or form. This sticking together of atoms is what we are going to study in this video. Another way to talk about it is, how do atoms bond?

Now, as we will see, there are several types of bonds, and it's really a spectrum. But let's just start with what I would consider one of the more extreme types of bonds. To understand it, let's get a periodic table of elements out right over here. So let's say that we are dealing with a group one element—let's say sodium, right over here.

What's interesting about group one elements is that they have one valence electron. If we want to visualize the valence electrons for, say, sodium, we could do it with what's known as a Lewis dot structure or a Lewis electron dot structure. Sometimes it’s just called a dot structure for short. But because a neutral sodium has one valence electron, we would just draw that one valence electron like that.

Now, let's go to the other end of the periodic table and say, look at chlorine. Chlorine is a halogen. Halogens have seven valence electrons, so chlorine's valence electrons would look like this: it has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven valence electrons. You can imagine chlorine would love to get another electron in order to complete its outer shell.

We've also studied in other videos these atoms, these elements at the top right of the periodic table, which are not the noble gases, but especially the top of these halogens. Things like oxygen and nitrogen—these are very electronegative. They like to pull electrons, hog electrons.

So, what do you think is going to happen when you put these characters together? This guy wants to lose the electrons, and chlorine wants to gain an electron. Well, maybe the chlorine will take an electron from the sodium. Now, in a real chemical reaction, you would have trillions of these, and they're bouncing around and different things are happening.

But for simplicity, let's just imagine that these are the only two. And let's imagine that this chlorine is able to nab an electron from this sodium. So what is going to happen? Well, this sodium is then going to become positively charged because it's going to lose an electron.

Then the chlorine is now going to gain an electron, so it's going to become a chloride anion. An anion is a negative ion; it's a sodium cation, a positive ion. Ion means it's charged, and now it’s a chloride anion. So it has the valence electrons that it had before, and then you could imagine that it gains one from the sodium and now it has a negative charge.

Now, what do we know about positively charged ions and negatively charged ions? Well, opposites attract—Coulomb forces. So these two characters are going to be attracted to each other. Or another way to think of it, they’re going to stick together. Or another way you think about it is they are going to be bonded.

They will form a compound of sodium chloride, and notice the whole compound here is neutral. It has a plus one charge for the sodium, a negative one charge for the chloride, but taken together it is neutral because these are hanging out together.

And this type of bond between ions, you might guess what it's called. It is called an ionic bond. Ionic bond.

More Articles

View All
Mystery of Prince Rupert's Drop at 130,000 fps - Smarter Every Day 86
Hey, it’s me, Destin. Welcome back to Smarter Every Day! Today, we’re gonna do awesome science with orbits at Hot Glass here at Lookout Mountain, Alabama. Goggle up; science is about to happen! We’re gonna use a high-speed camera and learn about Prince Ru…
Using matrices to transform a 4D vector | Matrices | Precalculus | Khan Academy
We’ve already thought a lot about two by two transformation matrices as being able to map any point in the coordinate plane to any other point or any two-dimensional vector to any other two-dimensional vector. What we’re going to do in this video is gener…
EPIC NOSE PICKING and why Football RULES -- IMG! #20
Master Chief loves football, and the most confused face ever. It’s a special football episode of IMG North American football. It gives you everything a guy could want: kicks to the face, kicks to the nuts, and heads up your butt. You get to pick; you can …
Telling History: Behind the Scenes | Killing Reagan
What we strove to do, what any filmmaker should strive to do when they’re doing a period piece, is to be authentic and to be absolutely real. “Get out of here, Road’s okay! Stage Coach rolling! The crow that stage Co are you hit!” “Damn it, Jerry! I thi…
The Future Of Reasoning
The Future of Reasoning Hey, Vsauce! Michael here. Where is your mind? Is it in your head? I mean, that’s where your brain is — and your brain remembers, plans, makes judgments, solves problems … but you also remember and plan with things like these and …
7 things that (quickly) cured my procrastination
Today we’re gonna talk about a bunch of methods that I use to stop procrastinating. These are methods that I’ve developed over the past couple of years, and also methods that I’ve heavily borrowed from other people, completely ripping them off, and now I’…