yego.me
💡 Stop wasting time. Read Youtube instead of watch. Download Chrome Extension

Origins of the Universe 101 | National Geographic


3m read
·Nov 11, 2024

  • [Narrator] The universe is everything. From the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies, to the very existence of space, time, and life. But how did it all begin? The origin of the universe is the origin of everything. Multiple scientific theories plus creation myths from around the world have tried to explain its mysterious genesis. However, the most widely accepted explanation is the Big Bang theory.

The Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a hot and infinitely dense point. Only a few millimeters wide, it was similar to a supercharged black hole. About 13.7 billion years ago, this tiny singularity violently exploded. And it is from this explosion, this bang, that all matter, energy, space, and time were created. What happened next were two major stages of the universe's evolution. Called the radiation and matter eras, they're defined by key events that helped shape the universe.

First came the radiation era, named for the dominance of radiation right after the Big Bang. This era is made of smaller stages called epochs that occurred within the universe's first tens of thousands of years. The earliest is the Planck epoch. No matter existed in the universe at this time, only energy and the ancestor to the four forces of nature, the superforce. At the end of this stage, however, a key event occurred in which gravity split away from the superforce.

Next came the grand unification epoch, named for the three remaining unified forces of nature. This epoch ended when one of those forces, called strong or strong nuclear, broke away. Then the inflationary epoch began, during which the universe rapidly expanded. Almost instantly, it grew from the size of an atom to the size of a grapefruit. The universe at this time was piping hot and it churned with electrons, quarks, and other particles.

Then came the electroweak epoch, when the last two forces, electromagnetic and weak, finally split off. During the next stage, the quark epoch, all of the universe's ingredients were present; however, the universe was still too hot and dense for subatomic particles to form. Then, in the hadron epoch, the universe cooled down enough for quarks to bind together and form protons and neutrons.

In the lepton and nuclear epochs, the radiation era's last two stages, the protons and neutrons underwent a significant change. They fused and created nuclei. And in doing so, they created the first chemical element in the universe, helium. The universe's new ability to form elements, the building blocks of matter, queued the matter era. Much as the name suggests, the matter era's defined by the presence and predominance of matter in the universe.

It features three epochs that span billions of years, the vast majority of the universe's lifespan, and includes the present day. The first was the atomic epoch. In this stage, the universe's temperature cooled down enough for electrons to attach to nuclei for the first time. Called recombination, this process helped create the universe's second element, hydrogen. This hydrogen, along with helium atoms, dotted the universe with atomic clouds.

Within the clouds, small pockets of gas may have had enough gravity to cause atoms to collect. These clusters of atoms, formed during the galactic epoch, became the seedlings of galaxies. Nestled inside those galaxies, stars began to form. And in doing so, they queued the latest and current stage of the universe's development, the stellar epoch. The formation of stars then caused a tremendous ripple effect and helped shape the universe as we know it.

Heat within the stars caused the conversion of helium and hydrogen into almost all the remaining elements in the universe. In turn, those elements became the building blocks for planets, moons, life, everything we see today. This ecosystem of everything was only possible because of the many stages in the universe's development. While countless questions about the origins of our universe remain, it's only a matter of time for some long-sought answers to emerge.

More Articles

View All
A message from Sal Khan for the Khan Academy 2016 Annual Report
Welcome to the KH Academy 2016 annual report. In the actual text of the report, we’re going to go into a lot more detail on the financials and other things, but I’m hoping here to give you an overview, big picture. 2016 was a great year for KH Academy. T…
SUPER RARE $34,000 Mont Blanc Will DOUBLE in Value | Kevin O'Leary |
[Music] From Germany, just send them straight out the door. Okay, thanks a lot, let’s go upstairs. Welcome to Miami. [Music] So, just coming from—well, we have the head of—we have the head of VP of retail, and I think one of the marketing people are brin…
Safari Live - Day 134 | National Geographic
You you you you you you you you you you you you this program features live coverage of an African safari and may include animal kills and carcasses. Viewer discretion is advised. Hello, hello, hello, and welcome to a bleak, gray, overcast, cool morning he…
Anthony Bourdain and "the Sweet Spot" | StarTalk
So even something as simple as scrambling an egg is essentially a scientific manipulation of an ingredient by exposure to both heat and movement, and incorporating an area making it behave—an egg behaving in the desired way. It reminds me—this is an obsc…
Mr. Freeman, part 06
Yes, I know, I know. The worst crime is to call people to independence and freedom… a straight way to chaos and mutual destruction. I… I… just didn’t know not what I was doing. Now I understand. If… if… you let me, I will tell them all right now! DID YOU!…
15 Things That Make You IRREPLACEABLE
In a world of constant change and competition, standing out and becoming irreplaceable is a goal many of us look for. Whether it’s at our workplace, within our personal relationships, or in broader social circles, certain qualities and behaviors can help …