How Your Brain Is Getting Hacked: Facebook, Tinder, Slot Machines | Tristan Harris | Big Think

One thing we don't talk about is that—it's sort of hard to talk about this—our minds have these kind of back doors. There's kind of—if you're human and you wake up and you open your eyes, there is a certain set of dimensions to your experience that can be manipulated. When I was a kid I was a magician, and you learn all about these limits, that short-term memory is about this long, and there's different reaction times. If you ask people certain questions in certain ways, you can control the answer. And this is just the structure of being human.

To be human means that you are persuadable in every single moment. I mean, the thing about magic, as an example, it's that magic works on everybody—sleight of hand, right? It doesn't matter what language you speak. It doesn't matter how intelligent you are. It's not about what someone knows; it's about how your mind actually works. So knowing this, it turns out that there's this whole playbook of persuasive techniques that actually I learned when I was at the Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab, and that most people in Silicon Valley in the tech industry learned as ways of getting your attention.

So one example is: we are all vulnerable to social approval. We really care what other people think of us. So for example, when you upload a new profile photo of yourself on Facebook, that's a moment where our mind is very vulnerable to knowing, “What do other people think of my new profile photo?” And so when we get new likes on our profile photo, Facebook—knowing this—could actually message me and say, “Oh, you have new likes on your profile photo.” It knows that we'll be vulnerable to that moment because we all really care about when we're tagged in a photo or when we have a new profile photo.

And the thing is that they control the dial; the technology companies control the dial for when and how long your profile photo shows up on other people's newsfeeds. They can orchestrate it so that other people more often end up liking your profile photo over a delayed period of time, for example, so that you end up having to more frequently come back and see what the new likes are. And the problem is that they don't do this because they're evil; they do it because, again, they're in this race for our attention.

And we should also ask, is that necessarily such a bad thing if they're orchestrating it so that other people like my photo? I mean, that might feel good to me. So we have to have a new conversation about, as these technology companies use these techniques—these vulnerabilities in our minds—when is that actually aligned and good for us? When is that ethical? When is that honest? When is that fair? And when is that dishonest and unfair? Because they're actually manipulating our minds in a way that doesn't add up to our spending our time well on the screen.

Well, so another vulnerability in our mind is something called a variable schedule reward, and that's like a slot machine in Las Vegas. It turns out that slot machines make more money in the United States than baseball, movies, and theme parks combined. People become addicted to slot machines—I think it's two to three times faster than any other kind of gambling in a casino. So it's insane. And why is that? Because it's very simple: you just pull a lever, and sometimes you get a reward and sometimes you don't. The more random it is and the more variable it is, the more addictive it becomes.

And the thing is that that turns our phone into a slot machine because every time we check our phone, we’re playing the slot machine to see, “What did I get?” Every time that we check our email, we're playing the slot machine to see, “What did I get? Did I get invited to an interview at Big Think, or did I just get another newsletter?” Or if you're on a dating site like Tinder, each swipe is—you're playing the slot machine to see, “Did I get a match?” I'm playing the slot machine to see, “Did I get a match?” And the problem is that this dynamic, these variable schedule rewards...