Cruel Bombs
Hey, Vsauce. Michael here. Every cloud has a silver lining. Except nuclear mushroom clouds, which have a lining of Strontium-90, Caesium-137 and other radioactive isotopes.
Upon detonation, atoms are literally gutted and glutton at temperatures exceeding that of the surface of our Sun. In the 1950s, Harold Edgerton's rapatronic camera caught nuclear fireballs less than a thousandth of a second after detonation.
Using a special magnetic shutter, each exposure lasted only a billionth of a second and captured an other-worldly creature, its energy vaporising the metal wires supporting its tower into stringing legs of plasma.
Watch the target on the ground. Now, roughly visualized, here is a conventional TNT explosion. Now, on the same spot, a similarly sized bomb that uses nuclear fission. When 'Little Boy' was detonated over Hiroshima, only 1.38% of its uranium actually fissioned.
The rest was blown away before that could happen, which means, as Eric Schlosser points out, the fission of merely 0.7 grams of uranium—that's less than the weight of a banknote—was enough to kill 80,000 people and destroy two-thirds of the city's buildings.
When a country has tens of thousands of nuclear weapons ready to go, accidents are a possibility. This was a problem during the Cold War, and it still is a problem. What if there is a fire or a miscommunication, or a rogue officer decides to set one off?
Or what if someone just drops a warhead? How much risk is too much, I asked Schlosser. The acceptable probability of a nuclear weapon accident? What is it now? The acceptable probability of the detonation of a nuclear weapon in an accident is one in a million.
In 2012, the odds of your dying in a commercial airliner accident were about one in forty million. So that's even more remote than the accidental detonation of a nuclear weapon.
There have been 'oopsie daisy' moments with nuclear weapons on US soil. Luckily, none that resulted in critical mass, but accidents nonetheless. Just like when you pee your pants, except your pants are the entire planet and the "P" stands for Plutonium.
Eureka comes from ancient Greek, meaning "I have found it!" And in Eureka, North Carolina, you can find it. A giant sign that says "Nuclear mishap." On my birth date, the year my father was born, a US B-52 bomber carrying two 4 megaton thermonuclear bombs over North Carolina tumbled from the sky.
A loose lanyard in the cockpit snagged the bomb release switch. Each bomb contained a greater explosive yield than all munitions ever detonated by mankind combined. Lieutenant Jack ReVell discovered that only one safety mechanism didn't fail that day.
A single low voltage arming switch remained untouched during the crash. And that one switch is why, he explained in 2011, we don't have a bay where North Carolina is today. The bombs were recovered... mostly. The uranium-rich Secondary of one of the bombs was never found.
To this day, it remains buried underground in North Carolina. Here's something you can try at home. Build a nuclear reactor. In 1994, a 17-year-old David Han attempted to build a nuclear reactor in his mother's backyard in Michigan.
It wasn't that difficult. For instance, common everyday smoke detectors contain small amounts of radioactive Americium. And old glow-in-the-dark paint contains Radium. His reactor never reached critical mass, but it did succeed in exposing his neighborhood to 1000 times the regular dosage of background radiation.
It was declared a Superfund hazardous materials cleanup site, and all of his work was confiscated by authorities and buried in Utah. It didn't end there. In 2007, David Hahn was arrested for stealing smoke detectors from an apartment building.
His face was covered with sores believed to be caused by constant exposure to radioactive materials. Three days after Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima by the Enola Gay, Charles Sweeney was ordered to drop Fatman on Kokura.
He flew boxcar over the city for nearly an hour with the bomb bay doors open, but it was cloudy. Sweeney couldn't achieve visual confirmation of the target and was forced to go to the secondary target - Nagasaki, where 75,000 people died instead. Kokura was spared because of the clouds.
We can build a weapon that mimics the furnace of our Sun and the winds of Neptune, but yet we can't predict the weather more than a few minutes ahead of time. During World War 2, Japanese soldiers spot for their emperor in ways that made allied troops speechless.
Kamikaze planes and torpedoes, driven by a single pilot, lost after use. When outnumbered, without hope, Japanese soldiers were reported to have thrown themselves off cliffs or swam out to sea to drown rather than surrendered.
Even after two atomic bomb attacks, the Japanese Minister of War urged his people to continue fighting. But on August 14th, 1945, the Emperor of Japan overruled that decision and unconditionally surrendered.
Men had leapt off cliffs for him, but in his own words, the enemy has for the first time used cruel bombs. The heavy casualties are beyond measure. Richard Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.
He also helped develop the first atomic bomb at Los Alamos. In "The Meaning of It All," he wrote, "Is science of any value?" And below that, "I think a power to do something is of value." He elaborates by talking about keys.
Everything we learned about the universe, everything we invent or discover within it, is a key to the gates of heaven. But the same key will also open the gates to hell. The Titan II Missile is great for delivering lethal nuclear warheads.
But it also sent Gemini astronauts to space, preparing us for a mission to the Moon. Science doesn't tell us how to use keys. It finds them or predicts them. How we use keys is up to us.
And as always, thanks for watching.