Are we born to run? - Christopher McDougall

Running, you know, it's basically just right, left, right, left. Yeah, I mean, we've been doing it for two million years, so it's kind of arrogant to assume that I've got something to say that hasn't been said and performed better a long time ago. But the cool thing about running, as I've discovered, is that something bizarre happens in this activity all the time.

Case in point, a couple of months ago, if you saw the New York City Marathon, I guarantee you saw something that no one has ever seen before: an Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu. She turns up at the starting line; she's 37 years old. She hasn't won a marathon of any kind in eight years, and a few months previously, she had almost died in childbirth. Derartu Tulu was ready to hang it up and retire from the sport, but she decided she'd go for broke and try for one last big payday in the marquee event, the New York City Marathon.

Except, bad news for Dr. Tulu, some other people had the same idea, including the Olympic gold medalist Paula Radcliffe, who is a monster—the fastest woman marathoner in history by far, only ten minutes off the men's world record. Paula Radcliffe is essentially unbeatable; that's her competition. The gun goes off, and I mean, she's not even an underdog; she's like under the underdogs. But the under underdog hangs tough, and 22 miles into a 26-mile race, there is Derartu Tulu up there with the lead pack.

Now, this is when something really bizarre happens. Paula Radcliffe, the one person who is sure to snatch the big paycheck out of Derartu Tulu's under underdog hands, has somebody grab her leg and starts to fall back. So we all know what to do in this situation, right? You give her a quick crack in the teeth; your elbow blades for the finish line.

Derartu Tulu ruins the script. Instead of taking off, she falls back and grabs Paula Radcliffe, saying, "Come on! Come with us! You can do it!" So, Paula Radcliffe, unfortunately, does it; she catches up with the lead pack and is pushing toward the finish line. But then she falls back again, and the second time Derartu Tulu grabs or tries to pull her, and Paula Radcliffe at that point says, "I'm done! Go!"

That's a fantastic story, and we all know how it ends: she loses a check, but she goes home with something bigger and more important. Except Derartu Tulu ruins the script again. Instead of losing, she blazes past the pack and wins—wins the New York City Marathon—and goes home with a big fat check. It's a heartwarming story, but if you drill a little bit deeper, you've got to sort of wonder about what exactly was going on there. You know, when you have two outliers and one organism, it's not a coincidence.

When you have someone who is more competitive and more compassionate than anybody else in the race, again, it's not a coincidence. Show me a creature with webbed feet and gills; somehow, water's involved. So with that kind of heart, there's some kind of connection there.

And the answer to it, I think, can be found down in the Copper Canyons of Mexico, where there's a tribe—a reclusive tribe called the Tarahumara Indians. Now, the Tarahumara are remarkable for three things. Number one is they have been living essentially unchanged for the past 400 years. When the conquistadors arrived in North America, you had two choices: you could either fight back and engage or you could take off. The Mayans and the Aztecs engaged, which is why there are very few Mayans and Aztecs today. The Tarahumara had a different strategy; they took off and hid in this labyrinthine networking kind of spiderwebbing system of canyons called the Copper Canyons, and there they've remained since the 1600s—essentially the same, the same way they've always been.

The second thing remarkable about the Tarahumara is, deep in old age, 70 and 80 years old, these guys aren't running marathons; they're running mega marathons. They're not doing 26 miles; they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time, and apparently, without injury, without problems.

The last thing that's remarkable about the Tarahumara is all the things that we're really talking about today. All the things that we're trying to come up with, using all our technology and brain power to solve—things like heart disease, cholesterol, cancer, crime, warfare, violence, and clinical depression—all this stuff that thought about done what you're talking about. They are free from all of these modern illnesses.

So what's the connection? Again, we're talking about outliers. There's got to be some kind of cause and effect there. Well, there are teams of scientists at Harvard and the University of Utah that have been racking their brains and trying to figure out what the Tarahumara have known forever. They're trying to solve those same mysteries, and once again, a mystery wrapped inside of a mystery.

Perhaps the key to Dr. Tulu and the Tarahumara is wrapped in three other mysteries, which go like this: Three things. If you have the answer up here, take the microphone, because nobody else knows the answer. And if you know it, then you are smarter than anybody else on planet Earth.

Mystery number one is this: Two million years ago, the human brain exploded in size. Australopithecus had a tiny little pea brain; suddenly humans show up: you know Homo erectus, big old melon head. To have a brain of that size, you need to have a source of condensed caloric energy. In other words, early humans are eating dead animals—no argument; that's a fact. But the only problem is that the first edged weapons only appeared about 200,000 years ago, so somehow for nearly two million years, we are killing animals without any weapons.

Now, we're not using our strength because we are the biggest sissies in the jungle. Every other animal is stronger than we are. They have fangs, they have claws, they have nimbleness and speed. You know, we think Usain Bolt is fast; Usain Bolt would get his ass kicked by a squirrel. Okay, we're not fast. That would be an Olympic event: turn a squirrel loose; whoever catches the squirrel, you get a gold medal.

So no weapons, no speed, no strength, no fangs, no claws. How are we killing these animals? Mystery number one.

Mystery number two: Women have been in the Olympics for quite some time now, but one thing is remarkable about all women sprinters—they all suck. They're terrible. There’s not a fast woman on the planet, and there never has been. The fastest woman to ever run a mile did it in 4:15. I could throw a rock and hit a high school boy who can run faster than 4:15. For some reason, you guys are just really slow. But when you get to the marathon, we were just talking about, you know, you guys have only been allowed to run the marathon for 20 years.

Because prior to the 1980s, medical science said that if a woman tried to run 26 miles, does anyone know what would happen? If you tried to run 26 miles, why you were banned from the marathon before the 1980s? What's that? Your uterus would be torn? Yes! You would have torn reproductive organs; your uterus would fall out—literally flat. And buddy, now I've been to a lot of marathons, and I've yet to see any.

So, in 20 years, that women have been allowed to run the marathon, in that very short learning curve, you guys have gone from broken organs up to the fact that you're only 10 minutes off the male world record. Then you go beyond 26 miles into the distances that medical science also told us would be fatal to humans. When Philippides died, when he ran 26 miles, you get to 50 and 100 miles, and suddenly it's a different game. You can take a runner like Ann Trason, or Nikki Kimball, or Jenn Shelton; you put them in a race of 50 or 100 miles against anybody in the world, it's a coin toss who's going to win.

I'll give an example: a couple of years ago, Emily Baer signed up for a race called the Hardrock 100, which tells you all you need to know about the race. They give you 48 hours to finish this race. Well, Emily Baer, out of 500 runners, finishes in eighth place in the top ten, even though she stops at all the aid stations to breastfeed her baby during the race, and yet beats 492 other people.

The last mystery: so why is it that women get stronger as distances get longer?

Okay, the third mystery is this: at the University of Utah, they started tracking finishing times for people running the marathon. What they found is that if you start running the marathon at age 19, you will get progressively faster year by year until you reach your peak at age 27. And then after that, you succumb to the rigors of time, and you get slower and slower until eventually you’re back to running the same speed you were at age 19.

So about seven years, eight years to reach your peak, and then gradually you fall off your peak until you go back to the starting point. You would think it might take maybe eight years to go back to the same speed, maybe ten years—no, it’s 45 years. Sixty-four-year-old men and women are running as fast as they were at age 19.

Now, I defy you to come up with any other physical activity—and please don’t say golf—something that actually is hard where geriatrics are performing as well as they did as teenagers. So you have these three mysteries. Is there one kind of piece in the puzzle which might wrap all these things up? You gotta be really careful anytime someone looks back in prehistory and tries to give you some sort of global answer, because being prehistory, you know, you can say whatever the hell you want to with it.

But I’ll submit this to you: if you put one piece in the middle of this jigsaw puzzle, suddenly it all starts to form a coherent picture. If you're wondering why it is that the Tarahumara don't fight and don't die of heart disease, why a poor Ethiopian woman in Dr. Tulu can be the most compassionate yet the most competitive, and why we somehow were able to find food without weapons, perhaps it's because humans, as much as we like to think of ourselves as masters of the universe, actually evolved as nothing more than a pack of hunting dogs.

Maybe we evolved as a hunting pack animal because the one advantage we have in the wilderness is not our fangs, our claws, or our speed. The only thing we do really, really well is sweat. We're really good at being sweaty and smelly—better than any other mammal on Earth. We can sweat really well! But the advantage of that, that it's a little bit of social discomfort, is the fact that when it comes to running under hot heat for long distances, we’re superb! We're the best on the planet.

You take a horse on a hot day, and after about five or six miles, that horse has a choice. It's either gonna breathe, or it's gonna cool off, but it ain't doing both; we can. So, what if we evolved as hunting pack animals? What if the only natural advantage we had in the world was the fact that we can get together as a group, go out there on an African savanna, pick out an antelope, and run that thing to death? That’s all we could do.

We could run really far, or on a hot day. Well, that’s true—a couple of other things had to be true as well. The key to being a part of a hunting pack is the word "pack." If you go out by yourself and you try and chase an antelope, I guarantee you there's gonna be two cadavers out there in the savanna. You need a pack to pull together. You need to have those 64, 65-year-olds who have been doing this for a long time to understand which antelope you're actually trying to catch.

You know, the herd explodes, and then gathers back again. Those expert trackers have got to be part of the pack. They can't be ten miles behind. You need to have the women and the adolescents there, because the two times in your life you most benefit from animal protein are when you are a nursing mother and a developing adolescent. It makes no sense to have the antelope over there dead and people who want to eat it 50 miles away; they gotta be part of the pack.

You need to have those 27-year-old studs at the peak of their powers ready to drop the kill. You need to have those teenagers there who are learning the whole. All involved—the pack stays together.

Another thing has to be true about this pack: this pack cannot be really materialistic. You can't be holding all your crap around trying to chase the antelope. You can't be a pissed-off pack; you can't be bearing grudges like, "Hey, that guy's antelope—he's, you know, a little pissed off. Lemke’s his own antelope!"

The pack has got to be able to swallow its ego, be cooperative, and pull together. What you end up with, in other words, is a culture remarkably similar to the Tarahumara—a tribe that has remained unchanged since the Stone Age.

It's a really compelling argument that maybe the Tarahumara are doing exactly what all of us had done for two million years—that it’s us in modern times that have sort of gone off the path. You know, we look at running as this kind of alien, foreign thing. You know, this punishment you got to do because you ate pizza the night before. But maybe it's something different.

Maybe we're the ones who have taken this natural advantage we had, and we spoiled it. How do we spoil it? Well, how do we spoil anything? We try to cash in on it, right? We try to can it, package it, make it better, and sell it to people. And what happened was we started creating these fancy cushioned things, which they call running shoes.

The reason I get personally pissed off at running shoes is because I bought a million of them, and I kept getting hurt. And I think if anybody in here runs—and I've had two conversations with Paula—we talked for two minutes backstage, and she's talking about plantar fasciitis. You talk to a runner, I guarantee within 30 seconds, the conversation turns to injury.

So if humans evolved as runners—that’s our one natural advantage—then why are we so bad at it? Why do we keep getting hurt?

Curious thing about running and running injuries is that running injuries are new to our time. If you read folklore, mythology, any kind of myths, any kind of tall tales, running is always associated with freedom and vitality and youthfulness and eternal vigor. It's only in our lifetime that running has become associated with fear and pain.

Geronimo used to say, "My only friends are my legs; I only trust my legs." That’s because an Apache triathlon used to be you run 50 miles across the desert, engage in hand-to-hand combat, steal a bunch of horses, and slap leather for home. Okay, Geronimo was never saying, "Oh, you know something? My Achilles, I'm tapering; I've got to take this week off, or I need to cross-train. I didn't do yoga; I'm not ready."

You know, humans ran and ran all the time. We are here today. We have our digital technology. All of our science comes from the fact that our ancestors were able to do something extraordinary every day, which is just rely on their naked feet and legs to run long distances.

So how do we get back to that again? Oh, I would submit to you the first thing is get rid of all the packaging, all the sales, all the marketing; get rid of all the stink in running shoes. Stop focusing on urban marathons, which, you know, if you do four hours, you saw it. But if you three, three, nine point five, nine—you’re awesome because you qualify for another race!

We need to get back to that sense of playfulness and joyfulness, and I would say nakedness, that has made the Tarahumara one of the healthiest and serene cultures in our time.

So, what's the benefit? So what? So, you know, you burn off the Haagen-Dazs from the night before. But maybe there's another benefit there as well. You know, without getting a little too extreme about this, but imagine in a world where everybody could go out the door and engage in the kind of exercise that's going to make them more relaxed, more serene, more healthy—burn off stress—where you don't come back into your office a raging maniac anymore.

We don't go home with a lot of stress on top of you again; maybe there's something between what we are today and what the Tarahumara have always been. I don't say let's go back to the Copper Canyons and live on corn and mice, which is the Tarahumara's preferred diet, but you know, maybe there's somewhere in between.

And if we find that thing, you know, maybe there is a big fat Nobel Prize out there, because if somebody could find a way to restore that natural ability that we all enjoyed for most of our existence up until the 1970s or so, the benefits—social, physical, political, and mental—could be astounding.

So what I've been seeing today is there is kind of a growing subculture of barefoot runners—people who have gotten rid of their shoes. And what they have found uniformly is you get rid of the shoes, you get rid of the stress, you get rid of the injuries and the ailments, and what you find is something that the Tarahumara have known for a very long time: that this could be a whole lot of fun.

I've experienced it personally myself; I was injured all my life. And then in my early forties, I got rid of my shoes, and my injuries have gone away too.

So hopefully it's something we can all benefit from, and I appreciate you guys listening to this story. Thanks very much.