Why we need to go back to Mars - Joel Levine

[Music] I [Music] want to talk about 4.6 billion years of history in 18 minutes. That's 300 million years per minute. Let's start with the first photograph NASA obtained of planet Mars. This is Flyby Mariner 4; it was taken in 1965. When this picture appeared, that well-known scientific journal, The New York Times, wrote in its editorial, “Mars is uninteresting; it's a dead world. NASA should not spend any time or effort studying Mars anymore.”

Fortunately, our leaders in Washington at NASA headquarters knew better, and we began a very extensive study of the red planet. One of the key questions in all of science is, “Is there life outside of Earth?” I believe that Mars is the most likely target for life outside the Earth. I'm going to show you in a few minutes some amazing measurements that suggest there may be life on Mars.

But let me start with the Viking photograph. This is a composite taken by Viking in 1976. Viking was developed and managed at NASA Langley Research Center. We sent two orbiters and two landers in the summer of 1976; we had four spacecraft around - around Mars - on the surface—an amazing accomplishment. This is the first photograph taken from the surface of any planet. This is a Viking Lander photograph of the surface of Mars.

Yes, the red planet is red. Mars is half the size of the Earth, but because two-thirds of the Earth is covered by water, the land area on Mars is comparable to the land area on Earth. So Mars is a pretty big place, even though it's only half the size. We have obtained topographic measurements of the surface of Mars; we understand the elevation differences. We know a lot about Mars.

Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons. Mars has the Grand Canyon of the solar system, Valles Marineris—a very, very interesting planet. Mars has the largest impact crater in the solar system, Hellas Basin. This is 2,000 miles across. If you happened to be on Mars when this impactor hit, it was a really bad day on Mars.

This is Olympus Mons; this is bigger than the state of Arizona. Volcanoes are important because volcanoes produce atmospheres, and they produce oceans. We're looking at Valles Marineris, the largest canyon in the solar system, superimposed on a map of the United States—3,000 miles across.

One of the most intriguing features about Mars, the National Academy of Science says, is that one of the 10 major mysteries of the space age is why certain areas of Mars are so highly magnetized. We call this crustal magnetism. There are regions on Mars where, for some reason, we don't understand why at this point the surface is very, very highly magnetized.

Is there water on Mars? The answer is no; there is no liquid water on the surface of Mars today. But there is intriguing evidence that suggests that in the early history of Mars, there may have been rivers and fast-flowing water. Today, Mars is very, very dry. We believe there's some water in the polar caps—there are polar caps at the North Pole and South Pole.

Here are some recent images; this is from Spirit and Opportunity. These images show that at one time there was very fast-flowing water on the surface of Mars. Why is water important? Water is important because if you want life, you have to have water. Water is the key ingredient in the evolution—the arch and evolution of life on a planet.

Here's some pictures of Antarctica and a picture of Olympus Mons—very similar features, glaciers. So, this is frozen water; this is ice water on Mars. This is my favorite picture; we just took it a few weeks ago, and it has not been seen publicly. This is a European Space Agency Mars Express image of a crater on Mars, and in the middle of the crater, we have liquid water; we have ice—a very intriguing photograph.

We now believe that in the early history of Mars, which is 4.6 billion years ago, Mars was very Earth-like. Mars had rivers, Mars had lakes, but more important, Mars had planetary-scale oceans. We believe that the oceans were in the northern hemisphere, and this area in blue, which shows a depression of about four miles, was the ancient ocean area on the surface of Mars.

Where did the oceans worth of water on Mars go? Well, we have an idea. This is a measurement we obtained a few years ago from a Mars orbiting satellite called Odyssey. Subsurface water on Mars is frozen in the form of ice, and this shows the percent: if it's a bluish color, it means 16 percent by weight—16 percent by weight of the interior contains frozen water or ice. So there is a lot of water below the surface.

The most intriguing and puzzling measurement, in my opinion, we have obtained of Mars was released earlier this year in the magazine Science, and what we're looking at is the presence of the gas methane (CH4) in the atmosphere of Mars. You can see there are three distinct regions of methane. Why is methane important? Because on Earth, almost all (99.9%) of the methane is produced by living systems—not little green men, but microscopic life below the surface or at the surface.

We now have evidence that methane is in the atmosphere of Mars, a gas that on Earth is biogenic and produced by living systems. These are the three plumes: A, B1, B2, and this is the terrain it appears over. We know from geological studies that these regions are the oldest regions on Mars. In fact, the Earth and Mars are both 4.6 billion years old; the oldest rock on Earth is only 3.6 billion years.

The reason for a billion-year geological understanding is because of plate tectonics; the crust of the Earth has been recycled. We have no geological record prior for the first billion years; that record exists on Mars, and this terrain that we're looking at dates back to 4.6 billion years when Earth and Mars were formed.

This is a map that shows where we put our spacecraft on the surface of Mars. Here is Viking 1, Viking 2; this is Opportunity, this is Spirit, this is Mars Pathfinder, this is Phoenix. We just put two years ago; notice all of our rovers and all of our landers have gone to the northern hemisphere. That's because the northern hemisphere is the region of the ancient ocean basin.

There aren't many craters, and that's because the water protected the basin from being impacted by asteroids or meteorites. But now look in the southern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, there are impact craters; there are volcanic craters. Here is Hellas Basin, a very, very different place geologically.

Look where the methane is; the methane is in a very rough terrain area. What is the best way to unravel the mysteries of Mars that exist? We asked this question ten years ago. We invited ten of the top Mars scientists to the Langley Research Center for two days. We addressed on the board the major questions that have not been answered, and we spent two days deciding how to best answer this question.

The result of our meeting was a robotic rocket-powered airplane we call Ares—Ariel Regional Scale Environmental Surveyor. There's a model of Ares here; this is a 20% scale model. This airplane was designed at the Langley Research Center. If any place in the world can build an airplane to fly on Mars, it's the Langley Research Center. For almost a hundred years, a leading center of aeronautics in the world.

We fly about a mile above the surface; we cover hundreds of miles, and we fly about 450 miles an hour. We can do things that rovers can't do and landers can't do. We can fly above mountains, volcanoes, impact craters; we fly over valleys, we can fly over surface magnetism, the polar cap, subsurface water, and we can search for life on Mars.

But of equal importance, as we fly through the atmosphere of Mars, we transmit that journey. The first flight of an airplane outside of the Earth—we transmit those images back to Earth, and our goal is to inspire the American public, who is paying for this mission through tax dollars. But more important, we will inspire the next generation of scientists, technologists, engineers, and mathematicians, and that's a critical area of national security and economic vitality to make sure we produce the next generation of scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and technologists.

This is what Ares looks like as it flies over Mars. We pre-program it; we will fly where the methane is. We will have instruments aboard the plane that will sample every three minutes the atmosphere of Mars. We will look for methane as well as other gases produced by living systems; we will pinpoint where these gases emanate from because we can measure the gradient where it comes from, and there we can direct the next mission to land right in that area.

How do we transport an airplane to Mars? In two words: very carefully. The problem is we don't fly it to Mars; we put it in a spacecraft and we send it to Mars. The problem is the spacecraft's largest diameter is 9 feet; Ares is 21 feet wingspan, 17 feet long. How do we get it to Mars? We fold it, and we transport it in a spacecraft, and we have it in something called an aeroshell. This is how we do it, and we have a little video that describes...

Rain, board, 5, 4, 3, 2. This is [Applause]. This is the spacecraft taking nine months to get to Mars. It enters the atmosphere of Mars—lots of heat and frictional heating. Its thermal tiles fall off; the airplane is exposed to the atmosphere for the first time.

It unfolds. We believe that in a one-hour flight, we can rewrite the textbook on Mars by making high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere, looking for gases of biogenic origin, looking for gases of volcanic origin, studying the surface, studying the magnetism on the surface, which we don't understand, as well as about a dozen other areas.

Practice makes perfect. How do we know we can do it? Because we have tested the Ares model, several models, in a half a dozen wind tunnels at the NASA Langley Research Center for eight years under Mars conditions. And, of equal importance, we test Ares in the Earth's atmosphere at a hundred thousand feet, which is comparable to the density and pressure of the atmosphere on Mars, where we will fly.

Now, a hundred thousand feet—if you fly cross-country to Los Angeles, you fly at 37,000 feet. We do our tests at a hundred thousand feet, and I want to show you one of our tests. This is a half-scale model. This is a high-altitude helium balloon. This is over Tillamook, Oregon. We put the folded airplane on the balloon; it took about three hours to get up there, and then we release it on command at one hundred and three thousand feet, and we deploy the airplane, and everything works perfectly.

We've done high-altitude and low-altitude tests just to perfect this technique; we're ready to go. I have a scale model here, but we have a full-scale model in storage at the NASA Langley Research Center. We're ready to go; all we need is a check from NASA headquarters to cover the costs. I am prepared to donate my honorarium for today's talk for this mission.

There's actually no one, or Orion for anyone for this thing. This is the Ares team; we have about 150 scientists and engineers. We're working with Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center, Ames Research Center, and half a dozen major universities and corporations in developing this. It's a large effort—it's all Duvall lead at NASA Langley Research Center.

Let me conclude by saying, not too far from here, right down the road in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, a little more than a hundred years ago, history was made when we had the first powered flight of an airplane on Earth. We are on the verge right now to make the first flight of an airplane outside the Earth's atmosphere. We are prepared to fly to Mars, rewrite the textbook about Mars.

If you're interested in more information, we have a website that describes this exciting and intriguing mission and why we want to do it. Thank you very much. [Applause]