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Not all art necessarily makes an appeal to the visual senses, but let's say that most of it does. So it might seem unnecessary or unnecessarily elementary to say so, but sometimes it's worth reminding ourselves that art is something meant to be seen primarily, that the appeal that art makes to our intellect and emotions, our attention, is achieved through visual stimuli and that's a different animal than other things, than writing or music. The eyes are capable of incredibly subtle perceptual distinctions that happen at an unconscious level.

So the act of looking consciously is really partly a matter of paying attention to what it is we notice when we really look at something. Another way of putting it is to think about drawing. If you've ever taken a drawing class or you've ever even read a book about how drawing is taught, the first most elementary lesson is usually a demonstration of the difference between what you see in front of you and what you think you see. The first attempts at drawing something from life, from perception, invariably involve distorting what's actually in front of you because the brain intercedes with the eye and gives false information.

For example, we know that the head has two eyes, a nose, and a mouth, so we will draw it that way even if, in fact, we don't see both eyes equally, or we don't see—depending upon our point of view—we'll see a partial representation of what the brain thinks of as reality. So this is a long way around of saying that the way to approach the visual world is to take in the information and let it work on your cortex without, well, it's impossible to say without, but while trying to stay neutral in terms of what we think we know. Because part of the confusion surrounding contemporary art is we know it's laden with meaning and we go to it intent on ferreting out the meaning, which sometimes happens in advance of doing the actual looking.

When I say that ideally one should approach art with a visually neutral kind of screen, that visual neutrality is, of course, a kind of cultural impossibility. None of us are neutral, nor could we ever be, and probably nor should we be. When I say one should approach art with a neutral eye, what I mean is to try to log, in your brain, to log what's there physically in terms of what was made in advance of reaching for what the thing might or might not mean.

So if you're looking at a portrait, let's say what is a portrait? A portrait is a painting of a face. Of course, the face is the subject, but the way the face is painted, the way the portrait is presented to us in its specificity is more important as art than who it's a portrait of. It's probably not possible to view art without the filter of seventeen different kinds of cultural filters. I don't think that that would be—probably that would require the equanimity of a Buddha; however, what I'm suggesting and what I'm advocating in the book is simply to devote some of one's attention to the physical fact of what is in front of us, the physical fact of what was made; how it was made; what materials we used; how was it done—kind of question as opposed to what it's a representation of.

This kind of attention is what used to be called formalism, which I think is a little bit of a misnomer, and it has been, I think, unfairly or unusefully demonized as something either culturally aloof or simply not interesting. But the first principles in any field, on any art form—music, architecture, literature—the first principles being how is it constructed, what is it constructed of, those are the kinds of perceptual questions which anyone can ask themselves and be aware of without any cultural training.

The impulse to make art is a mysterious one. It still remains mysterious after many millennia. What is that impulse that compels someone to make an image of something on a two-dimensional surface or a three-dimensional form for that matter? I often think that the way to approach art is to imagine doing it for one's self, to imagine what are the steps involved to make that thing that you're looking at. What would you have...