yego.me
💡 Stop wasting time. Read Youtube instead of watch. Download Chrome Extension

Empty Space is NOT Empty


3m read
·Nov 10, 2024

One of the most amazing things about atoms is that they're mainly empty space. If an atom were as wide as your arm span, then the electrons would all be whizzing about inside the volume enclosed by your fingertips. Meanwhile, the nucleus would be sitting in the center, and its diameter would be smaller than the width of a single human hair. So all of the atoms that make up you and me and all the seemingly solid things in the universe are mostly empty space.

Now, this is incredible. But what is even more mind-boggling is that empty space is not truly empty... I know because I've seen it. This is a simulation by Prof. Derek Leinweber at the University of Adelaide. It was made using a supercomputer to crunch the calculations of Quantum Chromo-Dynamics. Now that is the theory of fundamental particles called 'quarks', the building blocks of protons and neutrons, and how they interact with each other through 'gluons'.

What you're looking at here is the energy density of the gluon field fluctuations. Where('s) the little red spots come out, the energy density is very high... and it fades down through the colors. So, in the lowest energy, the field fluctuations are not rendering in this animation so we can actually see into it. And what we see is a bubbling soup of quantum field fluctuations that come and go incredibly quickly.

The frame rate of this simulation is one million billion billion frames per second. Now that is truly high speed... The dimensions of this box are absolutely tiny. They are millionth of a billionth of a meter, roughly enough space to stick two protons. But there are no protons here... This is a simulation of the vacuum on its own, what we normally think of as 'empty space'. Empty space is actually full of these quark-and-gluon field fluctuations.

And, on average, it is possible to annihilate a quark from empty space, 'cause it's not empty...! That just sounds like the most ridiculous idea that... you're meant to have empty space, and yet you can go and get rid of stuff from it... That's right. So it isn't empty! Now it seems counterintuitive that the vacuum, at its lowest energy state, should contain all of this stuff. But, in fact, to clear out the fluctuations and create a truly empty vacuum would require a lot of energy.

The empty vacuum actually costs an enormous amount of energy to create, and if you were able to create it, you'd discover that that... is actually unstable... that any sort of perturbation would push that empty vacuum into something where the vacuum is actually full of quantum field fluctuations.

Well, this may not be as strange as it first appears... I mean, consider a permanent magnet. It has a magnetic field around it at low energy, at room temperature. Not because the individual little magnetic moments of all the atoms inside are lined up. But if you were to heat it up, you would give thermal energy to all those particles. And at a certain point, called the Curie Temperature, they would be so randomly aligned that there would no longer be an overall magnetic field.

So it actually takes energy to get rid of the permanent magnetic field. Hmm, this is just like the quantum vacuum. And understanding how the quantum vacuum fluctuations work gives us a sense of what the fundamental particles do, like 'where are you most likely to find a quark?' And it turns out that the quark likes to sit on top of those lumps.

Now those lumps come into and out of existence fairly quickly, and so... we like to think of the quarks as hopping from one lump over to the next lump, as it appears, and then on to another one. I like to think of it as a hiker trying to cross a stream that's running around... Every now and then a stone pops up because the water swirled around it. So you put your foot there... You're looking for the next spot... If you go quickly enough, you might not get your feet wet...

Uh, so I think quarks are very much do... well we know quarks are very much doing the same thing. So while it is true that you and I and all of the other atoms in the universe are mostly empty space, it is also true that empty space isn't truly empty... And in fact, it is these vacuum fluctuations which are essential for our existence.

More Articles

View All
Searching for the Himalayas' Ghost Cats | Podcast | Overheard at National Geographic
What you got? Do you see this? This is what we have been looking for. This is a fresh scene. Oh wow, man! Look at that! It’s quite a fresh track of a snow leopard. How can you tell? Oh, you see these toes and the paw? You see the contours here? They have…
Characters' thoughts and feelings | Reading | Khan Academy
Hello readers! Today we’re going to talk about mind reading, also known as understanding characters’ thoughts and feelings. I’m kind of serious here. One of the things that I think is magical about reading books and stories is that they let you see what c…
$250,000 Ticket - Richard Branson is Sending Me to OUTERSPACE | Kevin O'Leary
I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out of landing a man on the moon. [Music] [Music] Yesterday’s got the flag up now and you’re gonna do the photo. [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] …
The Timbuktu Job | Explorer
When Al-Qaeda invaded Northern Mali, it was only a matter of time before they started burning books. But in Timbuktu, one librarian decided he couldn’t let thousands of years’ worth of history and literature be destroyed without a fight. There was nothing…
Neil and Katy Discuss Fingerprints and Individuality | StarTalk
Why are there seven million people? And why do each one of us have our own fingerprint? Even twins have different fingerprints, who are otherwise genetically identical. Why would you rather we were all the same? No, I’m not. Why is that more odd to you th…
Elon Musk Giving 1,000,000 Every Day Until Election!
Uh, we are going to be awarding a million every day from now until the election. The world’s richest man just chucking millions of dollars at people to register to vote. What did you think? Well, again, for full transparency and disclosure, my son works …