The single biggest health threat women face - Noel Bairey Merz

[Music] [Applause] One out of two of you women will be impacted by cardiovascular disease in your lifetime. So this is the leading killer of women. It's a closely held secret for reasons I don't know. In addition to making this personal, we're going to talk about your relationship with your heart and all women's relationships with their heart.

We're going to wax into the politics because the personal, as you know, is political, and not enough is being done about this. As we have watched women conquer breast cancer through the breast cancer campaign, this is what we need to do now with heart. Since 1984, more women die in the US than men. So where we used to think of heart disease as being a man's problem primarily— which that was never true, but that was kind of how everybody thought in the 1950s and 60s, and it was in all the textbooks; it's certainly what I learned when I was training—if we were to remain sexist, and that was not right, but if we were going to go forward and be sexist, it's actually a woman's disease.

So it's a woman's disease now, and one of the things that you see is that the male line, the mortality, is going down, down, down, down, down, and you see the female line since 1984 going up; the gap is widening. More and more women—two, three, four times more women—are dying of heart disease than men, and that's too short of a time period for all the different risk factors that we know for them to change.

So what this really suggested to us at the national level was that diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, which had been developed in men by men for men for the last 50 years, and they work pretty well in men, don't work so well for women. So that was a big wakeup call in the 1980s. Heart disease kills more women at all ages than breast cancer.

And the breast cancer campaign—again, this is not a competition. We're trying to be as good as the breast cancer campaign; we need to be as good as the breast cancer campaign to address this crisis. Now sometimes when people see this, I hear this gasp. We can all think of someone—often a young woman—who has been impacted by breast cancer. We often can't think of a young woman who has heart disease.

I'm going to tell you why: heart disease kills people often very quickly. So the first time heart disease strikes in women and men, half of the time, it's sudden cardiac death. No opportunity to say goodbye, no opportunity to take her to the chemotherapy, no opportunity to help her pick out a wig. Breast cancer mortality is down to 4%, and that is the 40 years that women have advocated. Betty Ford, Nancy Reagan stood up and said, "I'm a breast cancer survivor," and it was okay to talk about it.

And then physicians have gone to bat—we've done the research. We have effective therapies now; women are living longer than ever. That has to happen in heart disease, and it's time. It's not happening, and it's time. We owe an incredible debt of gratitude to these two women.

As Barbara depicted in one of her amazing movies, Yentl, she portrayed a young woman who wanted an education, and she wanted to study the Talmud. So how did she get educated? Then she had to impersonate a man. She had to look like a man; she had to make other people believe that she looked like a man, and she could have the same rights that the men had.

Bernardine Healey—Dr. Healey—she's a cardiologist, and right around that time in the 1980s that we saw women and heart disease deaths going up, up, up, up—she wrote an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine and said the Yentl Syndrome. Women are dying of heart disease two, three, four times more than men; mortality is not going down, it's going up. And she questioned; she hypothesized, "Is this a Yentl syndrome?"

And here's what the story is: is it because women don't look like men? They don't look like that male pattern heart disease that we've spent the last 50 years understanding and getting really good diagnostics and really good therapeutics, and therefore, they're not recognized for their heart disease? And they just pass—they don't get treated, they don't get detected, they don't get the benefit of all the modern medicines.

Dr. Healey then subsequently became the first female director of our National Institutes of Health, and this is the biggest biomedical enterprise research in the world, and it funds a lot of my research; it funds research all over the place. It was a very big deal for her to become director, and she started in the face of a lot of controversy: the Women's Health Initiative.

Every woman in the room here has benefited from that Women's Health Initiative. It told us about hormone replacement therapy; it informed us about osteoporosis; it informed us about breast cancer and colon cancer in women, so a tremendous fund of knowledge, despite, again, that so many people told her not to do it; it was too expensive, and the underpinning was "women aren't worth it." She was like, "No, sorry, women are worth it."

Well, there was a little piece of that Women's Health Initiative that went to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, which is the cardiology part of the NIH, and we got to do the WISE study. WISE stands for Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. I have led this study for the last 15 years. It was a study to specifically ask, "What's going on with women? Why are more and more women dying of ischemic heart disease?"

So in the WISE, 15 years ago, we started out and said, "Well, wow, you know, there's a couple of key observations, and we should probably follow up on that." Our colleagues in Washington DC had recently published that when women have heart attacks and die compared to men who have heart attacks and die—and again, this is, you know, millions of people happening every day—women, in their fatty plaque in their coronary arteries, so the main blood supply going into the heart muscle, women erode, men explode.

You're going to find some interesting analogies in this physiology. So I'll describe the male pattern heart attack first. You know, Hollywood heart attack—horrible chest pain, EKG goes so the doctors can see this hugely abnormal EKG; there's a big clot in the middle of the artery, and they go up to the cath lab and boom, boom, boom—you know, get rid of the clot. That's a male heart attack.

Some women have those heart attacks, but a whole bunch of women have this kind of heart attack where the road doesn't completely fill with clot; symptoms are subtle, EKG findings are different—a female pattern. So what do you think happens to these gals? They're often not recognized, sent home, "I'm not sure what it was; might have been gas."

So we picked up on that, and we said, "Well, you know, we now have the ability to look inside human beings with these special catheters called IVUS, intravascular ultrasound." And we said, "We're going to hypothesize that the fatty plaque in women is actually probably different and deposited differently than men."

And because of the common knowledge of how women and men get fat, when we watch people become obese, where do men get fat? Right here—it's just a focal right there. Where do women get fat? All over—cervical, here, cervical here. So we said, "Look, women look like they're pretty good about putting kind of the garbage away, smoothly putting it away; men just have to dump it in a single area."

So we said, "Let’s look at these," and so the yellow is the fatty plaque, and panel A is a man, and you can see it's lumpy bumpy—he's got a beer belly in his coronary arteries. Panel B is the woman—very smooth; she's just laid it down nice and tidy. And if you did that angiogram, which is the red, you can see the man's disease.

So, 50 years of honing and crafting these angiograms, we easily recognize male pattern disease—it's kind of hard to see that female pattern disease. So that was a discovery. Now, what are the implications of that? Well, once again, women get the angiogram, and nobody can tell that they have a problem.

So we are working now on a non-invasive—again, these are all invasive studies. Ideally, you would love to do all this non-invasively, and again, 50 years of good non-invasive stress testing, we're pretty good at recognizing male pattern disease with stress tests.

So this is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; we're doing this at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in the Women's Heart Center. We selected this for the research; this is not in your community hospital, but we would hope to translate this, and we're about two and a half years into a five-year study. This was the only modality that can see the inner lining of the heart, and if you look carefully, you can see that there's a black blush right there, and that is microvascular obstruction.

The syndrome, the female pattern now, is called microvascular coronary dysfunction or obstruction. The second reason we really liked MRI is that there's no radiation. So, unlike the CAT scans, X-rays—thums for women, who breast is in the way of looking at the heart. Every time we order something that has even a small amount of radiation, we say, "Do we really need that test?"

So we're very excited about MRI. You can't go and order it yet, but this is an area of active inquiry where actually studying women is going to advance the field for women and men. What are the downstream consequences, then, when female pattern heart disease is not recognized?

This is a figure from an editorial that I published in the European Heart Journal this last summer, and it was just a pictogram to sort of show why more women are dying of heart disease despite these good treatments that we know and we have work. And when the woman has male pattern disease, so she looks like Barbara in the movie, they get treated; and when you have female pattern, and you look like a woman, as Barbara does here with her husband, they don't get the treatment.

These are our life-saving treatments, and those little red boxes are deaths. So that is the consequences, and that is female pattern and why we think the Yentl syndrome actually is explaining a lot of these gaps. There's been wonderful news also about studying women finally in heart disease, and one of the cutting edge areas that we're just incredibly excited about is stem cell therapy.

If you ask what is the big difference between women and men physiologically—why, why are there women and men? Because women bring new life into the world—that's all stem cells. So we hypothesize that female stem cells might be better at identifying the injury, doing some cellular repair, or even producing new organs, which is one of the things that we're trying to do with stem cell therapy.

These are female and male stem cells, and if you had an injured organ, if you had a heart attack and we wanted to repair that injured area, do you want those robust, plentiful stem cells on the top, or do you want these guys that look like they’re out to lunch? Some of our investigative teams have demonstrated that female stem cells—and this is in animals and increasingly we’re showing this in humans—when put even into a male body, do better than male stem cells going into a male body.

One of the things that we say about all of this female physiology—because again, as much as we're talking about women in heart disease, women do on average have better longevity than men—is that the unfolding of the secrets of female physiology and understanding that is going to help men and women. So this is not a zero-sum game in any way.

Okay, so here's where we started, and remember paths crossed in 1984, and more and more women were dying of cardiovascular disease. What has happened in the last 15 years with this work? We are bending the curve. We're bending the curve! So just like the breast cancer story—doing research, getting awareness going—it works. You just have to get it going.

Now, are we happy with this? We still have two to three more women dying for every man, and I would propose with the better longevity that women have overall that women probably should theoretically do better if we could just get treated. So this is where we are, but we have a long road too. We’ve worked on this for 15 years, and I've told you we've been working on male pattern heart disease for 50 years.

So we're 35 years behind, and we'd like to think it's not going to take 35 years—and in fact, it probably won't—but we cannot stop now. Too many lives are at stake.

So what do we need to do? You now hopefully have a more personal relationship with your heart. Women have heard the call for breast cancer, and they have come out for awareness campaigns. The women are very good about getting mammograms now, and women do fundraising. Women participate; they have put their money where their mouth is, and they have done advocacy, and they have joined campaigns.

This is what we need to do with heart disease now, and it's political. Women's health, from a federal funding standpoint, sometimes it's popular, sometimes it's not so popular, so we have these feast and famine cycles. So I implore you to join the Red Dress campaign in this fundraising.

Breast cancer, as we said, kills women, but heart disease kills a whole bunch more. So if we can be as good as breast cancer and give women this new charge, we have a lot of lives to save. So thank you for your attention.